1. Additional figures to accompany this article can be found at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3102490.v1
2. Digitized logbooks of the USS Jeannette http://www.naval-history.net/ow-us/jeannette/uss_jeannette-1879-1880.htm and http://shiplogs.gina.alaska.edu/ships/uss-jeannette
3. Original logbooks of the USS Jeannette . US National Archives Catalogue.
4. Extracted auroral observations used for this study.
5. DeLong G W 1884 The Voyage of the Jeanette. The ship and ice journals of George W DeLong vol 1, ed. DeLong E (Houghton, Mifflin, Boston) https://archive.org/details/voyageofjeannett01delouoft