1. Leopold J. N. F. Gardner E. S. , Life Plus 99 Years (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1958), 307.
2. Nathaniel Comfort, ‘The Prisoner as Model Organism: Malaria Research at Stateville Penitentiary’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 2009, 40, 190–203. The malaria experiment was sponsored by the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Records of the Stateville malaria studies are housed at the archives of the National Academies of Science, Washington, DC. See Edwin Cowles Andrus, Advances in Military Medicine, Made by American Investigators (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1948), Vol. II, 877. For an overview of OSRD anti-malarial research, see chapter 8 by James A. Shannon, ‘Clinical Testing of Antimalarial Drugs’. OSRD records are collected under Medical Division, Board for Coordination of Malarial Studies; Panels, Clinical Testing, Testing Centers; Illinois State Penitentiary—Stateville (Washington, DC: National Academies of Science). For a similar interpretation from legal history, see Bernard E. Harcourt, ‘Making Willing Bodies: The University of Chicago Human Experiments at Stateville Penitentiary’, Social Research, 2011, 78, 443–478.
3. As sources of historical evidence, oral histories and interviews are treated with trepidation if not suspicion. Recently, historians have pointed to the weaknesses of oral histories but also distinguished their strengths as a unique form of evidence. See e.g. Lee Smith, Oral History. (New York: Putnam, 1983) and C. Jerolmack and S. Kahn, ‘Talk Is Cheap: Ethnography and the Attitudinal Fallacy’, Sociological Methods Research, 2014, 43, 178–209. Examining the limits of interviews and self-reports of attitudes and behaviours for explaining ‘what people actually do’, Jerolmack and Khan argue that analysis proceeding from ethnographic observation offers more complete accounts of the ways in which what people say or do depends on how they define the situation. While we cannot perform ethnographic observation in sites that no longer eixst, we have each produced contextually situated accounts of the laboratories in which these human subjects participated in the 1950s (Nancy D. Campbell, Discovering Addiction: The Science and Politics of Substance Abuse Research (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2007); Laura Stark, Behind Closed Doors: IRBs and the Making of Ethical Research (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2012)).
4. ENTANGLED MEMORY: TOWARD A THIRD WAVE IN MEMORY STUDIES
5. David Reubi, ‘The Human Capacity to Reflect and Decide: Bioethics and the Reconfiguration of the Research Subject in the British Medical Sciences', Social Studies of Science, 2012, 42, 348–68; David Reubi, ‘Re-moralising Medicine: The Bioethical Thought Collective and the Regulation of the Body in British Medical Research’, Social Theory & Health, 2013, 11, 215–35.