1. Gauke Kootstra, ‘History of Non-heart-beating Donation’, in David Talbot and Anthony M. D'Alessandro, eds, Organ Donation and Transplantation after Cardiac Death (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 1–6.
2. Division of Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine, Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation: Medical and Ethical Issues in Procurement (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997), 23–4. Kootstra originally promulgated the Maastricht criteria in 1995. Gauke Kootstra, ‘Statement on Non-heart-beating Donor Programs’, Transplant Proceedings 1995, 27, 2965. Unless otherwise noted, the terminology ‘donation after cardiac death’ (DCD) as used in this paper refers to controlled DCD in a Maastricht Category III donor.
3. The Institute of Medicine notes that Maastricht Category IV may also include an uncontrolled scenario in which cardiac arrest occurs in an unexpected or unplanned fashion in a donor already declared brain dead. Division of Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine, Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation, 25.
4. Ibid., 24. The National Cancer Institute of the US National Institutes of Health defines warm ischemia time as: ‘In surgery, the time a tissue, organ, or body part remains at body temperature after its blood supply has been reduced or cut off but before it is cooled or reconnected to a blood supply.’ Cold ischemia time is defined as: ‘In surgery, the time between the chilling of a tissue, organ, or body part after its blood supply has been reduced or cut off and the time it is warmed by having its blood supply restored. This can occur while the organ is still in the body or after it is removed from the body if the organ is to be used for transplantation.’ National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms (Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2014), , accessed 30 August 2014. Total ischemic time is the sum of the warm and cold ischemia times.
5. United Network for Organ Sharing, ‘Spring 2013 Regional Meeting Data, April 23, 2013’, United Network for Organ Sharing, , accessed 30 July 2014.