Evaluation of the acid-binding capacity of ingredients and complete diets commonly used for weanling pigs

Abstract

Abstract Some ingredients bind more acid in the stomach than others which can increase gastric pH in weaned pigs causing decreased protein digestion and allow pathogenic micro-organisms to proliferate. Our objective was to measure acid-binding capacity at a pH of 4 (ABC-4) of common nursery ingredients and determine additivity in diets. Ingredient categories included: cereal grains, vegetable proteins, animal proteins and milk, vitamin premixes and minerals, amino acids, and fiber sources. A 0.5-g sample of each ingredient was suspended in 50 mL of distilled deionized water and titrated with 0.1-N hydrochloric acid. Sample ABC-4 was calculated as the amount of acid in milliequivalents (meq) required to lower 1 kg to a pH of 4. Cereal grains were found to have lower ABC-4 compared to other ingredients. Vegetable proteins had higher ABC-4 with more variation than cereal grains. Soybean meal (SBM) had an ABC-4 of 602 ± 28.2 meq. Soy protein concentrate and enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM) had higher ABC-4 compared to SBM while fermented soybean meal (FSBM) was lower. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) had the highest ABC-4 among all ingredients with values of 21,863 ± 598.7 and 18,384 ± 769.7 meq, respectively. Following ingredient analysis, a series of diets were analyzed to determine additivity by comparing the differences between calculated and analyzed ABC-4 value. All diets analyzed had lower ABC-4 than calculated values; however, analyzed ABC-4 increased along with calculated values across diets. The first series of diets were arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial consisting of increasing CaCO3 with or without ZnO. There was a ZnO × CaCO3 interaction (P = 0.020) for difference between calculated and analyzed ABC-4. Within the interaction, differences between calculated and analyzed ABC-4 increased (linear, P < 0.001) as CaCO3 increased in diets without ZnO, but not in diets with ZnO. The second series of diets analyzed consisted of different levels of SBM with either FSBM or ESBM included at 5% of the diet. Differences between calculated and analyzed values were not different between treatments (P = 0.640). In conclusion, perfect ABC-4 additivity in diets was not found due to lower analyzed than calculated values; however, analyzed ABC-4 still increased as calculated values increased. This data suggests diet ABC-4 can be adjusted through selection of ingredients but more feeding trials are needed to determine its impact on pig performance.