It’s a trap?! Escape from an ancient, ancestral sex chromosome system and implication of Foxl2 as the putative primary sex-determining gene in a lizard (Anguimorpha; Shinisauridae)

Author:

Pinto Brendan J123ORCID,Nielsen Stuart V45,Sullivan Kathryn A36ORCID,Behere Ashmika6ORCID,Keating Shannon E6,van Schingen-Khan Mona7,Nguyen Truong Q89,Ziegler Thomas1011,Pramuk Jennifer12,Wilson Melissa A1213ORCID,Gamble Tony3614

Affiliation:

1. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , United States

2. Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , United States

3. Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum , Milwaukee, WI , United States

4. Department of Biological Sciences, Museum of Life Sciences, Louisiana State University-Shreveport , Shreveport, LA , United States

5. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , United States

6. Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University , Milwaukee, WI , United States

7. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, CITES Scientific Authority , Bonn , Germany

8. Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam

9. Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam

10. Cologne Zoo , Cologne , Germany

11. Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany

12. Former affiliation: Woodland Park Zoo , Seattle, WA , United States

13. Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute , Tempe, AZ , United States

14. Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN , United States

Abstract

Abstract Although sex determination is ubiquitous in vertebrates, mechanisms of sex determination vary from environmentally to genetically influenced. In vertebrates, genetic sex determination is typically accomplished with sex chromosomes. Groups like mammals maintain conserved sex chromosome systems, while sex chromosomes in most vertebrate clades are not conserved across similar evolutionary timescales. One group inferred to have an evolutionarily stable mode of sex determination is Anguimorpha, a clade of charismatic taxa including monitor lizards, Gila monsters, and crocodile lizards. The common ancestor of extant anguimorphs possessed a ZW system that has been retained across the clade. However, the sex chromosome system in the endangered, monotypic family of crocodile lizards (Shinisauridae) has remained elusive. Here, we analyze genomic data to demonstrate that Shinisaurus has replaced the ancestral anguimorph ZW system on LG7 with a novel ZW system on LG3. The linkage group, LG3, corresponds to chromosome 9 in chicken, and this is the first documented use of this syntenic block as a sex chromosome in amniotes. Additionally, this ~1 Mb region harbors approximately 10 genes, including a duplication of the sex-determining transcription factor, Foxl2, critical for the determination and maintenance of sexual differentiation in vertebrates, and thus a putative primary sex-determining gene for Shinisaurus.

Funder

Morris Animal Foundation

National Institute of General Medical Sciences

National Institutes of Health

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,Genetics,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

Reference85 articles.

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