National work–family policies and the occupational segregation of women and mothers in European countries, 1999–2016

Author:

Hook Jennifer L1ORCID,Li Meiying1,Paek Eunjeong1,Cotter Brigid1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Sociology, University of Southern California , 851 Downey Way, Hazel Stanley Hall 314, Los Angeles, CA , USA

Abstract

Abstract Some scholars hypothesize that although work–family policies help incorporate women into the labour market, they do so by integrating women, and mothers specifically, into female-dominated occupations. Some suggest that although these policies are ‘good’ for lower educated women, they harm higher educated women by concentrating them in female-dominated professions. We revisit this debate using the highest quality data brought to bear on this question to date. We use the EU Labour Force Survey 1999–2016 (n = 21 countries, 235 country-years, 2.5 million men and women aged 20–44), combined with an original collection of country-year indicators. Specifically, we examine how the two most widely studied work–family policies—paid parental leave and early childhood education and care (ECEC)—and public sector size affect occupational segregation for men and women by educational attainment and parental status. We find no evidence that ‘generous’ welfare states promote segregation. Rather, a specific policy—parental leave in excess of 9 months—promotes segregation between men and women broadly, but most acutely for non-tertiary-educated mothers. Findings are generally null for paid leave of up to 9 months. ECEC is associated with greater integration, particularly for tertiary-educated women. Large public sectors are associated with segregation, with both tertiary-educated men and women more likely to work in feminized occupations. Public sector size, however, is not as tightly bundled with work–family policies as previous work suggests.

Funder

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

Center for Studies in Demography & Ecology

University of Washington

National Institutes of Health

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Sociology and Political Science

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