Feasibility of sleep extension and its effect on cardiometabolic parameters in free-living settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies

Abstract

Abstract Aims Inadequate sleep is a global health issue and has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. As a part of sleep hygiene, intentional lengthening of night-time sleep duration (i.e. sleep extension) might be a behavioural intervention to improve cardiometabolic health. To examine the feasibility of sleep extension and its effects on cardiometabolic parameters in free-living settings. Methods and results This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019146174). Five databases were searched. Only experimental studies conducted in adults without a diagnosis of sleep disorder were included. The pooled mean difference was calculated by the inverse variance method. Narrative summaries were also used. Thirteen studies from 11 trials were included. The intervention ranged from 3 days to 6 weeks. Sleep extension increased total sleep time by 51 min [95% confidence interval (CI) 39–63]. Overall, sleep extension did not result in significant changes in blood pressure. However, sub-group analysis revealed that when 24 h mean blood pressure was obtained among those with pre-hypertension or Stage 1 hypertension, sleep extension reduced systolic (weighted mean difference = −7.8 mm/Hg; 95% CI −10.6 to −4.9), and diastolic blood pressure (weighted mean difference = −4.2 mm/Hg; 95% CI −6.7 to −1.8). The pooled effects on fasting glucose and insulin resistance were not significant. The effect of sleep extension on other parameters (e.g. heart rate) was not consistent. Conclusion Sleep extension is feasible and could increase sleep in free-living settings. Sleep extension shows promise for reducing 24 h mean blood pressure among those with pre-hypertension or hypertension. More large-scale studies are needed to examine its long-term effects.