Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Airborne Transmission: Science Rejected, Lives Lost. Can Society Do Better?

Author:

Morawska Lidia1,Bahnfleth William2,Bluyssen Philomena M3,Boerstra Atze4,Buonanno Giorgio5,Dancer Stephanie J6,Floto Andres7,Franchimon Francesco8,Haworth Charles9,Hogeling Jaap10,Isaxon Christina11ORCID,Jimenez Jose L12,Kurnitski Jarek13,Li Yuguo14ORCID,Loomans Marcel15,Marks Guy16,Marr Linsey C17,Mazzarella Livio18,Melikov Arsen Krikor19,Miller Shelly20,Milton Donald K21,Nazaroff William22,Nielsen Peter V23,Noakes Catherine24,Peccia Jordan25ORCID,Querol Xavier26,Sekhar Chandra27,Seppänen Olli28,Tanabe Shin-ichi29,Tellier Raymond30,Wai Tham Kwok27,Wargocki Pawel19,Wierzbicka Aneta31

Affiliation:

1. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia

2. Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , State College, Pennsylvania , USA

3. Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands

4. REHVA (Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations), BBA Binnenmilieu , The Hague , The Netherlands

5. Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio , Cassino , Italy

6. Edinburgh Napier University and NHS Lanarkshire Edinburgh, Scotland , United Kingdom

7. Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom

8. Franchimon ICM Berkel, South Holland , The Netherlands

9. Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom

10. International Standards at ISSO, ISSO International Project , Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland , The Netherlands

11. Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology Lund University , Lund , Sweden

12. Department of Chemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado , USA

13. REHVA Technology and Research Committee, Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn , Estonia

14. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong University, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam , China

15. Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) , Eindhoven , The Netherlands

16. Centre for Air Quality Research and Evaluation (CAR), University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney , Australia

17. Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia , USA

18. AiCARR, Politecnico di Milano , Milan , Italy

19. DTU Sustain, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby , Denmark

20. Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado , USA

21. Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland , USA

22. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California , USA

23. Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark

24. School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom

25. Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut , USA

26. Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council , Barcelona , Spain

27. Department of the Built Environment, National University of Singapore , Singapore

28. Aalto University , Espoo , Finland

29. Department of Architecture, Waseda University , Tokyo , Japan

30. Department of Medicine, McGill University , Montreal , Canada

31. Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden

Abstract

Abstract This is an account that should be heard of an important struggle: the struggle of a large group of experts who came together at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to warn the world about the risk of airborne transmission and the consequences of ignoring it. We alerted the World Health Organization about the potential significance of the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the urgent need to control it, but our concerns were dismissed. Here we describe how this happened and the consequences. We hope that by reporting this story we can raise awareness of the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the need to be open to new evidence, and to prevent it from happening again. Acknowledgement of an issue, and the emergence of new evidence related to it, is the first necessary step towards finding effective mitigation solutions.

Funder

Flu Lab

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Infectious Diseases,Microbiology (medical)

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