Genetically Informed Study Highlights Income-Independent Effect of Schizophrenia Liability on Mental and Physical Health

Abstract

Abstract Background and Hypothesis Individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) suffer from comorbidities that substantially reduce their life expectancy. Socioeconomic inequalities could contribute to many of the negative health outcomes associated with SCZ. Study Design We investigated genome-wide datasets related to SCZ (52 017 cases and 75 889 controls) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, household income (HI; N = 361 687) from UK Biobank, and 2202 medical endpoints assessed in up to 342 499 FinnGen participants. A phenome-wide genetic correlation analysis of SCZ and HI was performed, also assessing whether SCZ genetic correlations were influenced by the HI effect on SCZ. Additionally, SCZ and HI direct effects on medical endpoints were estimated using multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR). Study Results SCZ and HI showed overlapping genetic correlations with 70 traits (P < 2.89 × 10−5), including mental health, substance use, gastrointestinal illnesses, reproductive outcomes, liver diseases, respiratory problems, and musculoskeletal phenotypes. SCZ genetic correlations with these traits were not affected by the HI effect on SCZ. Considering Bonferroni multiple testing correction (P < 7.14 × 10−4), MR analysis indicated that SCZ and HI may affect medical abortion (SCZ OR = 1.07; HI OR = 0.78), panic disorder (SCZ OR = 1.20; HI OR = 0.60), personality disorders (SCZ OR = 1.31; HI OR = 0.67), substance use (SCZ OR = 1.2; HI OR = 0.68), and adjustment disorders (SCZ OR = 1.18; HI OR = 0.78). Multivariable MR analysis confirmed that SCZ effects on these outcomes were independent of HI. Conclusions The effect of SCZ genetic liability on mental and physical health may not be strongly affected by socioeconomic differences. This suggests that SCZ-specific strategies are needed to reduce negative health outcomes affecting patients and high-risk individuals.