Loneliness in the Daily Lives of People With Mood and Psychotic Disorders

Author:

Moran Erin K1ORCID,Shapiro Madelyn1,Culbreth Adam J2ORCID,Nepal Subigya3,Ben-Zeev Dror4,Campbell Andrew3,Barch Deanna M156ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA

2. Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland , Baltimore, MD , USA

3. Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH , USA

4. Department of Psychiatry, BRiTE Center, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA

5. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA

6. Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA

Abstract

Abstract Background and Hypothesis Loneliness, the subjective experience of feeling alone, is associated with physical and psychological impairments. While there is an extensive literature linking loneliness to psychopathology, limited work has examined loneliness in daily life in those with serious mental illness. We hypothesized that trait and momentary loneliness would be transdiagnostic and relate to symptoms and measures of daily functioning. Study Design The current study utilized ecological momentary assessment and passive sensing to examine loneliness in those with schizophrenia (N = 59), bipolar disorder (N = 61), unipolar depression (N = 60), remitted unipolar depression (N = 51), and nonclinical comparisons (N = 82) to examine relationships of both trait and momentary loneliness to symptoms and social functioning in daily life. Study Results Findings suggest that both trait and momentary loneliness are higher in those with psychopathology (F(4,284) = 28.00, P < .001, ηp2 = 0.27), and that loneliness significantly relates to social functioning beyond negative symptoms and depression (β = −0.44, t = 6.40, P < .001). Furthermore, passive sensing measures showed that greater movement (β = −0.56, t = −3.29, P = .02) and phone calls (β = −0.22, t = 12.79, P = .04), but not text messaging, were specifically related to decreased loneliness in daily life. Individuals higher in trait loneliness show stronger relationships between momentary loneliness and social context and emotions in everyday life. Conclusions These findings provide further evidence pointing to the importance of loneliness transdiagnostically and its strong relation to social functioning. Furthermore, we show that passive sensing technology can be used to measure behaviors related to loneliness in daily life that may point to potential treatment implications or early detection markers of loneliness.

Funder

National Institute of Mental Health

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

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