Development and validation of a nomogram for radiation-induced hepatic toxicity after intensity modulated radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study

Abstract

Abstract Objective This study aimed to construct a nomogram to predict radiation-induced hepatic toxicity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Methods This study reviewed the clinical characteristics and dose–volume parameters of 196 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiation-induced hepatic toxicity was defined as progression of the Child–Pugh score caused by intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Factors relevant to radiation-induced hepatic toxicity were selected using receiver operating characteristic and univariate logistic analysis. A risk assessment model was developed, and its discrimination was validated. Results Eighty-eight (44.90%) and 28 (14.29%) patients had radiation-induced hepatic toxicity ≥ 1 (Child–Pugh ≥ 1) and radiation-induced hepatic toxicity ≥ 2 (Child–Pugh ≥ 2). Pre-treatment Child–Pugh, body mass index and dose–volume parameters were correlated with radiation-induced hepatic toxicity ≥ 1 using univariate logistic analysis. V15 had the best predictive effectiveness among the dose–volume parameters in both the training (area under the curve: 0.763, 95% confidence interval: 0.683–0.842, P < 0.001) and validation cohorts (area under the curve: 0.759, 95% confidence interval: 0.635–0.883, P < 0.001). The area under the curve values of the model that was constructed by pre-treatment Child–Pugh, body mass index and V15 for radiation-induced hepatic toxicity ≥1 were 0.799 (95% confidence interval: 0.719–0.878, P < 0.001) and 0.775 (95% confidence interval: 0.657–0.894, P < 0.001) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. Patients with a body mass index ≤ 20.425, Barcelona clinic liver cancer = C, Hepatitis B Virus-positive, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group = 1–2 and hepatic fibrosis require lower V15 dose limits. Conclusions Risk assessment model constructed from Pre-treatment Child–Pugh, V15 and body mass index can guide individualized patient selection of toxicity minimization strategies.