Photosynthesis and leaf structure of F1 hybrids between Cymbidium ensifolium (C3) and C. bicolor subsp. pubescens (CAM)

Abstract

Abstract Background and aims The introduction of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) into C3 crops has been considered as a means of improving water-use efficiency. In this study, we investigated photosynthetic and leaf structural traits in F1 hybrids between Cymbidium ensifolium (female C3 parent) and C. bicolor subsp. pubescens (male CAM parent) of the Orchidaceae. Methods Seven F1 hybrids produced through artificial pollination and in vitro culture were grown in a greenhouse with the parent plants. Structural, biochemical and physiological traits involved in CAM in their leaves were investigated. Key results Cymbidium ensifolium accumulated very low levels of malate without diel fluctuation, whereas C. bicolor subsp. pubescens showed nocturnal accumulation and diurnal consumption of malate. The F1s also accumulated malate at night, but much less than C. bicolor subsp. pubescens. This feature was consistent with low nocturnal fixation of atmospheric CO2 in the F1s. The δ13C values of the F1s were intermediate between those of the parents. Leaf thickness was thicker in C. bicolor subsp. pubescens than in C. ensifolium, and those of the F1s were more similar to that of C. ensifolium. This was due to the difference in mesophyll cell size. The chloroplast coverage of mesophyll cell perimeter adjacent to intercellular air spaces of C. bicolor subsp. pubescens was lower than that of C. ensifolium, and that of the F1s was intermediate between them. Interestingly, one F1 had structural and physiological traits more similar to those of C. bicolor subsp. pubescens than the other F1s. Nevertheless, all F1s contained intermediate levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase but as much pyruvate, Pi dikinase as C. bicolor subsp. pubescens. Conclusions CAM traits were intricately inherited in the F1 hybrids, the level of CAM expression varied widely among F1 plants, and the CAM traits examined were not necessarily co-ordinately transmitted to the F1s.