Ontogeny and anatomy of Bouteloua (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) species display a basipetal branch formation and a novel modified leaf structure in grasses

Author:

Cuellar-Garrido Luis Fernando12,Ruiz-Sanchez Eduardo32,Vargas-Ponce Ofelia32,Whipple Clinton J4

Affiliation:

1. Doctorado en Ciencias en Biosistemática, Ecología y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas (BEMARENA), Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200 , México

2. Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal, Instituto de Botánica, Universidad de Guadalajara , Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200 , México

3. Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200 , México

4. Department of Biology, Brigham Young University , 4102 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 , USA

Abstract

Abstract Background and Aims Shoot ontogenesis in grasses follows a transition from a vegetative phase into a reproductive phase. Current studies provide insight into how branch and spikelet formation occur during the reproductive phase. However, these studies do not explain all the complex diversity of grass inflorescence forms and are mostly focused on model grasses. Moreover, truncated inflorescences of the non-model grass genus Urochloa (Panicoideae) with formation of primary branches have basipetal initiation of branches. Bouteloua species (Chloridoideae) are non-model grasses that form truncated inflorescences of primary branches with apical vestiges of uncertain homology at the tips of branching events and sterile florets above the lowermost fertile floret. Sterile florets are reduced to rudimentary lemmas composed of three large awns diverging from an awn column. Conflict about the awn column identity of this rudimentary lemma is often addressed in species descriptions of this genus. We test if Bouteloua species can display basipetal initiation of branches and explore the identity of vestiges and the awn column of rudimentary lemmas. Methods We surveyed the inflorescence ontogeny and branch/awn anatomy of Bouteloua species and compared results with recent ontogenetic studies of chloridoids. Key Results Bouteloua arizonica has florets with basipetal maturation. Branches display basipetal branch initiation and maturation. Branch vestiges are formed laterally by meristems during early branching events. The spikelet meristem forms the awn column of rudimentary lemmas. Vestiges and sterile floret awns have anatomical similarities to C4 leaves. Conclusions Basipetal initiation of branches is a novel feature for Chloridoideae grasses. Branch vestiges are novel vegetative grass structures. Sterile floret awn columns are likely to be extensions of the rachilla.

Funder

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología

Instituto para el Desarrollo de la Sociedad del Conocimiento del Estado de Aguascalientes CONACYT-Gobierno del estado de Aguascalientes 2017

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Plant Science

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3. A study of the leaf anatomy of some native species of the genus Andropogon (Gramineae);Breakwell;Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,1914

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