Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities

Author:

Millette Nicole C1,Gast Rebecca J2,Luo Jessica Y3,Moeller Holly V4,Stamieszkin Karen5,Andersen Ken H6,Brownlee Emily F7,Cohen Natalie R8,Duhamel Solange9,Dutkiewicz Stephanie10,Glibert Patricia M11,Johnson Matthew D2,Leles Suzana G12,Maloney Ashley E13,Mcmanus George B14,Poulton Nicole5,Princiotta Sarah D15,Sanders Robert W16,Wilken Susanne17

Affiliation:

1. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary   1370 Greate Rd., Gloucester Point, VA 23062 , USA

2. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 , USA

3. NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory , 201 Forrestal Rd., Princeton, NJ 08540 , USA

4. University of California, Santa Barbara Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, , 1120 Noble Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 , USA

5. Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences , 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544 , USA

6. Technical University of Denmark Center for Ocean Life, Natl. Inst. of Aquatic Resources, , Kemitorvet, Bygning 202, Kongens Lyngby 2840 , Denmark

7. Department of Biology, St. Mary’s College of Maryland , 18952 E. Fisher Road, St. Mary’s City, MD 20686 , USA

8. University of Georgia Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, , 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411 , USA

9. The University of Arizona Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, , 1007 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA

10. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Global Change Science, , 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02874 , USA

11. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Horn Point Laboratory, , 2020 Horns Point Rd, Cambridge, MD 21613 , USA

12. University of Southern California Department of Marine and Environmental Biology, , 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089 , USA

13. Princeton University Geosciences Department, , Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 , USA

14. University of Connecticut Department of Marine Sciences, , 1080 Shennecossett Rd., Groton, CT 06340 , USA

15. Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, Schuylkill Campus , 200 University Drive, Schuylkill Haven, PA 17972 , USA

16. Temple University Department of Biology, , 1900 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA 19122 , USA

17. University of Amsterdam Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, , Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH , The Netherlands

Abstract

Abstract Phago-mixotrophy, the combination of photoautotrophy and phagotrophy in mixoplankton, organisms that can combine both trophic strategies, have gained increasing attention over the past decade. It is now recognized that a substantial number of protistan plankton species engage in phago-mixotrophy to obtain nutrients for growth and reproduction under a range of environmental conditions. Unfortunately, our current understanding of mixoplankton in aquatic systems significantly lags behind our understanding of zooplankton and phytoplankton, limiting our ability to fully comprehend the role of mixoplankton (and phago-mixotrophy) in the plankton food web and biogeochemical cycling. Here, we put forward five research directions that we believe will lead to major advancement in the field: (i) evolution: understanding mixotrophy in the context of the evolutionary transition from phagotrophy to photoautotrophy; (ii) traits and trade-offs: identifying the key traits and trade-offs constraining mixotrophic metabolisms; (iii) biogeography: large-scale patterns of mixoplankton distribution; (iv) biogeochemistry and trophic transfer: understanding mixoplankton as conduits of nutrients and energy; and (v) in situ methods: improving the identification of in situ mixoplankton and their phago-mixotrophic activity.

Funder

NSF

Vidi

Simons Foundation

NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Ecology,Aquatic Science,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

Reference182 articles.

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3. Limits to the cellular control of sequestered cryptophyte prey in the marine ciliate Mesodinium rubrum;Altenburger;ISME J.,2021

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