Provision of choline chloride to the bovine preimplantation embryo alters postnatal body size and DNA methylation

Abstract

Abstract Choline is a vital micronutrient. In this study, we aimed to confirm, and expand on previous findings, how choline impacts embryos from the first 7 days of development to affect postnatal phenotype. Bos indicus embryos were cultured in a choline-free medium (termed vehicle) or medium supplemented with 1.8 mM choline. Blastocyst-stage embryos were transferred into crossbred recipients. Once born, calves were evaluated at birth, 94 days, 178 days, and at weaning (average age = 239 days). Following weaning, all calves were enrolled into a feed efficiency trial before being separated by sex, with males being slaughtered at ~580 days of age. Results confirm that exposure of 1.8 mM choline chloride during the first 7 days of development alters postnatal characteristics of the resultant calves. Calves of both sexes from choline-treated embryos were consistently heavier through weaning and males had heavier testes at 3 months of age. There were sex-dependent alterations in DNA methylation in whole blood caused by choline treatment. After weaning, feed efficiency was affected by an interaction with sex, with choline calves being more efficient for females and less efficient for males. Calves from choline-treated embryos were heavier, or tended to be heavier, than calves from vehicle embryos at all observations after weaning. Carcass weight was heavier for choline calves and the cross-sectional area of the longissimus thoracis muscle was increased by choline.