Cognitive enhancing modalities continue to be developed to target a variety of attributes, including memory, attention, reasoning, processing speed, and affect. The availability of cognitive enhancing modalities raises important ethical questions and considerations, particularly for the treating physicians. For example, is it ethically permissible or prohibited to prescribe a healthy patient a drug that would increase cognitive functioning? What arguments might justify the prescription or application of a cognitive enhancement for a patient? What arguments and considerations justify prohibiting cognitive enhancements or imposing various restrictions and guidelines for use? This chapter provides physicians with ethical resources needed to address these questions.