‘Refractive ophthalmology’ provides the reader with an introduction to the causes and treatment of refractive error. This chapter covers the use of spectacles, contact lens, and refractive surgery, including laser stromal in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), incisional refractive surgery, collagen shrinkage procedures, and lens-based techniques.