Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Advertisements and Use of Electronic Cigarettes: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Electronic cigarette (EC) advertisements remain unregulated and approach consumers in TV commercials, print ads, radio, and other forms of digital marketing. Aims and Methods This study aimed to assess whether exposure to EC advertisements is associated with the use of EC by using a meta-analysis of prospective studies. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science to locate eligible studies in November 2021. Pooled adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis. Results Out of 1635 articles searched from databases, we included seven prospective studies that met inclusion criteria in the final analysis. Four out of seven studies involved participants under 18 years of age. In the meta-analysis of all studies, exposure to EC advertisements was significantly associated with the increased use of ECs (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.92; I2 = 60.1%). In the subgroup meta-analyses by source of advertisements, there was no significant association between exposure to EC advertisements on TV, radio, or billboards and the use of EC, while exposure to EC advertisements in retail stores and on Internet or social media significantly increased the use of EC. Conclusions Exposure to EC advertisements was associated with the increased use of ECs, specifically in retail stores and on Internet or social media among adolescents and young adults. Because EC use could serve as a gateway to cigarette smoking in adolescents and young adults, more strict regulations and restrictions on EC advertisements are needed. Implications Concurrent with the rise in electronic cigarette (EC) sales, advertising expenditures for ECs have been increased in the past decade, and there is controversy over the association between exposure to EC advertisements and the use of ECs. This meta-analysis of seven prospective studies showed that exposure to EC advertisements was significantly associated with the increased use of ECs, specifically in retail stores and on Internet or social media among adolescents and young adults. Because, EC use could serve as a gateway to cigarette smoking in adolescents and young adults, more strict regulations and restrictions on EC advertisements are needed.