Electronic Cigarette Nicotine Flux, Nicotine Yield, and Particulate Matter Emissions: Impact of Device and Liquid Heterogeneity

Author:

Soule Eric K12ORCID,Mayne Shannon1,Snipes William1,Do Elizabeth K34,Theall Travis5,Höchsmann Christoph5,Talih Soha26,Martin Corby K5,Eissenberg Thomas2,Fuemmeler Bernard F37

Affiliation:

1. Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University , Greenville, NC , USA

2. Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA

3. Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA

4. Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative , Washington, DC , USA

5. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA

6. Mechanical Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon

7. Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) heat a nicotine-containing liquid to produce an inhalable aerosol. ECIG power (wattage) and liquid nicotine concentration are two factors that predict nicotine emission rate (“flux”). These factors can vary greatly across devices and users. Aims and Methods The purpose of this study was to examine ECIG device and liquid heterogeneity in “real world” settings and the association with predicted nicotine flux, nicotine yield, and total particulate matter (TPM) emissions. Past 30-day ECIG users (n = 84; mean age = 23.8 years [SD = 9.6]) reported device and liquid characteristics. Device power was measured via multimeter, device display screens, or obtained via labeling. Liquid nicotine concentration was obtained via labeling or through chemical analysis. Predicted nicotine flux, nicotine yield, and TPM associated with 10 4-second puffs were calculated for participants’ primary devices. Results Participants’ primary devices were box mods (42.9%), disposable vapes (20.2%), and pod mods (36.9%). Most participants (65.5%) reported not knowing their primary device wattage. Rebuildable/box mods had the greatest power range (11.1–120.0 W); pod mod power also varied considerably (4.1–21.7 W). Unlike device wattage, most participants (95.2%) reported knowing their liquid nicotine concentration, which ranged from 3.0 to 86.9 mg/ml (M = 36.0, SD = 29.3). Predicted nicotine flux varied greatly across products (range =12.0–160.1 μg/s, M = 85.6 μg/s, SD = 34.3). Box mods had the greatest variability in wattage and predicted nicotine flux, nicotine yield, and TPM yield. Conclusions ECIG device and liquid heterogeneity influence nicotine and other toxicant emissions. Better measurement of ECIG device and liquid characteristics is needed to understand nicotine and toxicant emissions and to inform regulatory policy. Implications ECIG device and liquid heterogeneity cause great variability in nicotine flux and toxicants emitted. These data demonstrate the need to examine device and liquid characteristics to develop empirically informed, health-promoting regulatory policies. Policies may include setting product standards such that ECIG products cannot (1) have nicotine fluxes much greater than that of a cigarette to decrease the risk of dependence, (2) have nicotine fluxes that are very low and thus would have minimal appeal to cigarette smokers and may serve as starter products for youth or nontobacco users, and (3) emit large amounts of particulate matter and other toxicants.

Funder

National Cancer Institute

National Institutes of Health

Center for Tobacco Products

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

National Institute of General Medical Sciences

Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science Center

NIDDK

National Institute on Drug Abuse

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

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