Biomarkers of Exposure and Biomarkers of Potential Harm in Adult Smokers Who Switch to e-Vapor Products Relative to Cigarette Smoking in a 24-week, Randomized, Clinical Trial

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Long-term health effects of e-vapor products (EVPs) are not well-established. We compared biomarkers of exposure (BoE) to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents and biomarkers of potential harm (BoPH) in adult smokers who switched to EVPs versus continued smoking for 24 weeks. Methods Adult smokers (n = 450, >10 cigarettes per day for ≥10 years) were randomly assigned to continue smoking (control) or switch to one of two cartridge-based EVPs (test 1: classic; test 2: menthol, 4% nicotine). BoE and BoPH were measured at baseline and 12 weeks. The results presented here are from a subset of 150 control and EVP subjects (switchers with exhaled carbon monoxide <8 ppm and <10% baseline cigarettes per day) followed for 24 total weeks. Results Total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and carboxyhemoglobin were significantly reduced (p < .0001) in tests 1 and 2 at 24 weeks. Urinary nicotine equivalents were not statistically significantly different between the control and EVP groups. At week 24, statistically significant reductions (p < .05) were observed for white blood cell counts, 11-dehydrothromboxane β2, and sICAM in both test groups, and there were several significant changes in measures of pulmonary function. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and 8-epi-prostaglandin-F2α were directionally favorable in both EVP groups versus control. Conclusions We demonstrate that significant reductions of selected harmful and potentially harmful constituents in EVP aerosol results in significant reductions in BoEs and favorable changes in BoPHs after switching to EVPs for 24 weeks. These changes approached those reported for smoking cessation, suggesting that switching to exclusive use of the EVPs may be less harmful than continuing smoking. Implications Cigarette smoking causes serious diseases. Switching from cigarettes to a noncombustible product is a potential harm reduction pathway for adult smokers unable or unwilling to quit. Long-term health effects of e-vapor products (EVPs) compared with continued smoking have not been extensively studied. We present biomarker of exposure evidence on select harmful and potentially harmful constituents and biomarkers of potential harm related to inflammation and oxidative stress in adult smokers switching to two EVPs. This study demonstrates significant reductions in biomarkers of exposure (except for nicotine) accompanied with favorable changes in various biomarkers of potential harm, including pulmonary function. The totality of evidence suggests that exclusive EVP use may present lower health risks compared with smoking cigarettes.