Swirl sign score system: a novel and practical tool for predicting hematoma expansion risk after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage

Abstract

Abstract Objective To methodically analyse the swirl sign and construct a scoring system to predict the risk of hematoma expansion (HE) after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH). Methods We analysed 231 of 683 sICH patients with swirl signs on baseline noncontrast CT (NCCT) images. The characteristics of the swirl sign were analysed, including the number, maximum diameter, shape, boundary, minimum CT value of the swirl sign, and the minimum distance from the swirl sign to the edge of the hematoma. In the development cohort, univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify independent predictors of HE, and logistic regression analysis was used to construct the swirl sign score system. The swirl sign score system was verified in the validation cohort. Results The number and the minimum CT value of the swirl sign were independent predictors of HE. The swirl sign score system was constructed (2 points for the number of swirl signs >1 and 1 point for the minimum CT value ≤41 Hounsfield units). The area under the curve of the swirl sign score system in predicting HE was 0.773 and 0.770 in the development and validation groups, respectively. Conclusions The swirl sign score system is an easy-to-use radiological grading scale that requires only baseline NCCT images to effectively identify subjects at high risk of HE. Advances in knowledge Our newly developed semiquantitative swirl sign score system greatly improves the ability of swirl sign to predict HE.