Maternal and Child Health Benefits of the Mamata Conditional Cash Transfer Program in Odisha, India

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are demand-side interventions that link cash receipt to fulfilment of health-promoting conditions such as regular health check-ups and investment in human capital. In 2011, the Indian state of Odisha, implemented a statewide CCT program—the Mamata Scheme—towards improving maternal/child health outcomes and promoting health-seeking behavior. Mamata targets pregnant and lactating women aged ≥19 y, and provides a sizable financial incentive relative to household income levels. Objectives We aimed to longitudinally examine whether, and to what extent, initiation of the Mamata scheme corresponded with changes in health and nutrition outcomes in Odisha, relative to comparison states in India. Methods Outcomes included maternal health service utilization [antenatal care (ANC), iron–folic acid supplementation, breastfeeding counseling, full child immunization, tetanus vaccination, vitamin A supplementation] and nutrition [anemia during pregnancy and stunting, anemia in children <5 y old (U5)]. Data on outcomes and covariates were obtained from 3 waves of India's National Family Health Surveys corresponding to the years 1999, 2006, and 2016. We used difference-in-differences (DID) estimation strategy to estimate the impact of the program. Results The pooled sampled size comprised >200,000 mother–child dyads. Tests of parallel trends indicated that preintervention trends were similar across all outcomes in Odisha with the exception of anemia. When comparing Odisha with other states for health services, DID models indicated that exposure to Mamata corresponded with increased odds of counseling for breastfeeding (OR: 2.74; 95% CI: 1.97, 3.80), ANC receipt (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.99), and full immunization (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.37, 2.08). DID models also indicated decline in stunting (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.02) and anemia (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.71) among U5 children in Odisha following Mamata, relative to comparison states. Models comparing poor with nonpoor groups indicated the presence of heterogeneous effects. Conclusions This study provides proof-of-concept for potential improvements in maternal and child nutrition outcomes following CCTs that incentivize health care utilization in India.