Protease Inhibitors Protect Bovine Colostrum or Chicken Egg Growth Factors from Pancreatic Enzyme Digestion in AGS Cells or Colitic Rats

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Bovine colostrum (BC) and chicken egg contain proteins possessing growth factor activity. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) provides much of the pro-reparative activity within BC. Clinical use of orally administered peptide growth factors is hampered by digestion from pancreatic proteases. Objectives We examined whether adding a protease inhibitor [soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) or ovomucoid] protected bioactivity of BC ± egg or EGF alone against pancreatic digestion using in vitro and in vivo models. Methods BC, egg, or EGF alone or in combination with trypsin inhibitors were tested for proliferative (Alamar blue) activity using human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells, prior to and after incubation with HCl/pepsin and trypsin/chymotrypsin. Data were analyzed using 2-factor ANOVA. Eight groups (n = 10) of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (mean: 188.3 ± 0.8 g) received 20 mg/kg/d of BC + egg, 100 μg/d of EGF, 5 mg/d ovomucoid, or 10.8 mg/d SBTI, alone or in combination (in 1 mL 3% NaHCO3) by gavage for 9 d and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS; 5% in drinking water) for the final 7 d. Histology, microscopic damage score, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were assessed and analyzed using 1-factor ANOVA. Results Proliferative activities of BC, egg, or EGF were reduced 40–57% by HCl/pepsin exposure and further reduced 14–24% by chymotrypsin/trypsin. Co-addition of SBTI or ovomucoid truncated the decrease in proliferative bioactivity caused by chymotrypsin/trypsin by 54–100% (P < 0.01). In vivo study showed oral EGF alone or protease inhibitors given alone were ineffective in reducing DSS damage, whereas SBTI with EGF or ovomucoid with BC + egg improved protective effects on weight gain, disease activity score, colonic MPO, and histology damage by 3–4-fold (P < 0.01). Conclusions Studies using AGS, cells, and Sprague-Dawley rats showed the protease inhibitors ovomucoid and SBTI protected BC, egg, and EGF against loss of bioactivity due to pancreatic enzymes and, when given with NaHCO3, enhanced colonic protection against DSS damage.