Mitral valve early systolic billowing induces following annular expansion and leaflet augmentation in Barlow’s disease: sequential analysis using 3D echocardiography

Abstract

Abstract Aims Although systolic expansion of the annulus has been recognized in Barlow’s disease, the mechanisms of the unique pathological movement of the annulus and its relation to the leaflet augmentation have not yet been clarified. We aimed to investigate the detailed mechanisms of the characteristic mitral apparatus dynamics in Barlow’s disease by frame-by-frame sequential geometric analysis using real-time 3D transoesophageal echocardiography. Methods and results Fifty-three patients with Barlow’s disease and severe mitral regurgitation without torn chordae, as well as 10 controls, were included. We evaluated geometric changes in the mitral complex using 3D transoesophageal echocardiography at five points during systole. To identify early systolic billowing of leaflets, the annulo-leaflet angle was measured. We also performed a more detailed analysis in four consecutive frames just before and after leaflet free-edge prolapse above the annulus plane. The median annulo-leaflet angle of both leaflets in early systole was >0° (above annulus plane) in patients with Barlow’s disease, and billowing of the leaflet body was observed from early systole. The prolapse volume of both leaflets increased markedly from early to mid-systole [1.60 (0.85–2.80) to 4.00 (2.10–6.45) mL; analysis of variance (ANOVA), P < 0.001; post hoc, P < 0.05]. With frame-by-frame analysis, dynamic augmentation of the annulus and leaflets developed between frames just before and just after leaflet free-edge prolapse (ANOVA, P < 0.01; post hoc, P < 0.05). Conclusion In Barlow’s disease, early systolic billowing of the mitral leaflet induces systolic annulus expansion followed by leaflet augmentation and leaflet free-edge prolapse.