Affiliation:
1. Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg 40530 , Sweden
2. School of Bioscience, University of Skövde , Skövde 54128 , Sweden
Abstract
SummaryMemory B cells (MBCs) are an essential part of our immunological memory. They respond fast upon re-encountering pathogens and can differentiate into plasma cells that secrete protective antibodies. The focus of this review is on MBCs that lack, or express low levels of, CD21, hereafter referred to as CD21–/low. These cells are expanded in peripheral blood with age and during chronic inflammatory conditions such as viral infections, malaria, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune diseases. CD21–/low MBCs have gained significant attention; they produce disease-specific antibodies/autoantibodies and associate with key disease manifestations in some conditions. These cells can be divided into subsets based on classical B-cell and other markers, e.g. CD11c, FcRL4, and Tbet which, over the years, have become hallmarks to identify these cells. This has resulted in different names including age-associated, autoimmune-associated, atypical, tissue-like, tissue-resident, tissue-restricted, exhausted, or simply CD21–/low B cells. It is however unclear whether the expanded ‘CD21–/low’ cells in one condition are equivalent to those in another, whether they express an identical gene signature and whether they have a similar function. Here, we will discuss these issues with the goal to understand whether the CD21–/low B cells are comparable in different conditions.
Funder
Swedish Research Council
Patient Association for Rheumatic Diseases
Swedish Cancer Foundation
Childhood Cancer Foundation
Swedish government and the county councils
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Subject
Immunology,Immunology and Allergy
Cited by
9 articles.
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