Stable asymmetric spike equilibria for the Gierer–Meinhardt model with a precursor field

Abstract

Abstract Precursor gradients in a reaction-diffusion system are spatially varying coefficients in the reaction kinetics. Such gradients have been used in various applications, such as the head formation in the Hydra, to model the effect of pre-patterns and to localize patterns in various spatial regions. For the 1D Gierer–Meinhardt (GM) model, we show that a non-constant precursor gradient in the decay rate of the activator can lead to the existence of stable, asymmetric and two-spike patterns, corresponding to localized peaks in the activator of different heights. These stable, asymmetric patterns co-exist in the same parameter space as symmetric two-spike patterns. This is in contrast to a constant precursor case, for which asymmetric spike patterns are known to be unstable. Through a determination of the global bifurcation diagram of two-spike steady-state patterns, we show that asymmetric patterns emerge from a supercritical symmetry-breaking bifurcation along the symmetric two-spike branch as a parameter in the precursor field is varied. Through a combined analytical-numerical approach, we analyse the spectrum of the linearization of the GM model around the two-spike steady state to establish that portions of the asymmetric solution branches are linearly stable. In this linear stability analysis, a new class of vector-valued non-local eigenvalue problem is derived and analysed.