Affiliation:
1. CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands; and Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and their precursors (dicarbonyls) are associated with the progression of diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Plasma concentrations of dicarbonyls methylglyoxal (MGO), glyoxal (GO), and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) are increased after an oral glucose load indicating that consumption of diets high in carbohydrates may induce the endogenous formation of dicarbonyls and AGEs.
Objective
To examine the associations of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with concentrations of dicarbonyls and AGEs in plasma and urine.
Methods
Cross-sectional analyses were performed in a human observational cohort [Cohort on Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Maastricht (CODAM), n = 494, 59 ± 7 y, 25% type 2 diabetes]. GI and GL were derived from FFQs. Dicarbonyls and AGEs were measured in the fasting state by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem MS. MGO, GO, and 3-DG and protein-bound Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Nε-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL), and pentosidine were measured in plasma. Free forms of CML, CEL, and Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1) were measured in both plasma and urine. Multiple linear regression was performed with dicarbonyls and AGEs as dependent variables, and dietary GI or GL as main independent variables (all standardized). Models were adjusted for health and lifestyle factors, dietary factors, and reciprocally for GI and GL. As this was an explorative study, we did not adjust for multiple testing.
Results
GI was not associated with any of the dicarbonyls or AGEs. GL was positively associated with free urinary MG-H1 (β = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.55). Furthermore, GL was positively associated with free plasma MG-H1 and free urinary CML (β = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.43; and β = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.50), but these associations were not independent of dietary AGE intake.
Conclusions
A habitual diet higher in GL is associated with higher concentrations of free urinary MG-H1. This urinary AGE is most likely a reflection of AGE accumulation and degradation in tissues, where they may be involved in tissue dysfunction.
Funder
The Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Subject
Nutrition and Dietetics,Medicine (miscellaneous)
Cited by
21 articles.
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