Infected Mosquitoes Have Altered Behavior to Repellents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Author:
Lajeunesse Marc J1ORCID, Avello Daniel A1, Behrmann Morgan S1, Buschbacher Thomas J1, Carey Kayla1, Carroll Jordyn1, Chafin Timothy J1, Elkott Fatima1, Faust Ami M1, Fauver Hope1, Figueroa Gabriela D1, Flaig Louisa L1, Gauta Sarah A1, Gonzalez Cristian1, Graham Rowan M1, Hamdan Khalid1, Hanlon Thomas1, Hashami Syad N1, Huynh Dora1, Knaffl Jessica L1, Lanzas Milton1, Libell Nicole M1, McCabe Casey1, Metzger Jamie1, Mitchell Isabella1, Morales Marisol A1, Nayyar Yogi R1, Perkins Aaron1, Phan Tam-Anh1, Pidgeon Nicholas T1, Ritter Camryn L1, Rosales Veronica C1, Santiago Olivia1, Stephens Rebecca1, Taylor Ethan J1, Thomas Anup J1, Yanez Nicholas E1
Affiliation:
1. Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
Abstract
Abstract
Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to reach a consensus on whether infected and uninfected mosquitoes respond differently to repellents. After screening 2,316 published studies, theses, and conference abstracts, we identified 18 studies that tested whether infection status modulated the effectiveness of repellents. Thirteen of these studies had outcomes available for meta-analysis, and overall, seven repellents were tested (typically DEET with 62% of outcomes), six mosquito species had repellence behaviors measured (typically Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes with 71% of outcomes), and a broad diversity of infections were tested including Sindbis virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) (33% of outcomes), Dengue (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) (31%), malaria (Plasmodium berghei Vincke & Lips (Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae) or P. falciparum Welch (Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae); 25%), Zika (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) (7%), and microsporidia (4%). Pooling all outcomes with meta-analysis, we found that repellents were less effective against infected mosquitoes—marking an average 62% reduction in protective efficacy relative to uninfected mosquitoes (pooled odds ratio = 0.38, 95% confidence interval = 0.22–0.66; k = 96). Older infected mosquitoes were also more likely to show altered responses and loss of sensitivity to repellents, emphasizing the challenge of distinguishing between age or incubation period effects. Plasmodium- or Dengue-infected mosquitoes also did not show altered responses to repellents; however, Dengue–mosquito systems used inoculation practices that can introduce variability in repellency responses. Given our findings that repellents offer less protection against infected mosquitoes and that these vectors are the most dangerous in terms of disease transmission, then trials on repellent effectiveness should incorporate infected mosquitoes to improve predictability in blocking vector–human contact.
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Subject
Infectious Diseases,Insect Science,General Veterinary,Parasitology
Cited by
10 articles.
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