Intergenerational fluctuations in colour morph frequencies may maintain elytral polymorphisms in the ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Abstract

Abstract Phenotypic polymorphisms are found in a wide array of taxa, and unravelling the mechanisms that maintain them is of great interest to evolutionary and ecological biologists. Temporal environmental heterogeneity may play a role in the maintenance of polymorphisms but is poorly understood. In the present study, we analysed trends in intergenerational elytral colour morph frequencies in relation to changes in fitness and life history traits (i.e. body size, mortality, fecundity, hatching rate and mate preference) in the ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). A long-term field survey spanning nine years showed that the frequency of dark morphs increases over winter and then decreases in spring. Dark morphs may have an advantage in winter due to their higher tolerance of low temperatures compared with light morphs. Light-morph females were heavier in winter than dark-morph females. They also mated more frequently and had higher hatching rates, potentially causing an increase in light morphs in spring. These results suggest that fluctuations in morph frequencies resulting from the conflicting directions of selection pressures between overwintering and spring generations may help to maintain genetic polymorphism.