Birth order as a source of within-genotype diversification in the clonal duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza (Araceae: Lemnoideae)

Abstract

Abstract Organismal persistence attests to adaptive responses to environmental variation. Diversification bet hedging, in which risk is reduced at the cost of expected fitness, is increasingly recognized as an adaptive response, yet mechanisms by which a single genotype generates diversification remain obscure. The clonal greater duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza (L.), facultatively expresses a seed-like but vegetative form, the ‘turion’, that allows survival through otherwise lethal conditions. Turion reactivation phenology is a key fitness component, yet little is known about turion reactivation phenology in the field, or sources of variation. Here, using floating traps deployed in the field, we found a remarkable extent of variation in natural reactivation phenology that could not be explained solely by spring cues, occurring over a period of ≥ 200 days. In controlled laboratory conditions, we found support for the hypothesis that turion phenology is influenced jointly by phenotypic plasticity to temperature and diversification within clones. Turion ‘birth order’ consistently accounted for a difference in reactivation time of 46 days at temperatures between 10 and 18 °C, with turions early in birth order reactivating more rapidly than turions late in birth order. These results should motivate future work to evaluate the variance in turion phenology formally as a bet-hedging trait.