Evaluation and economic analysis of battery energy storage in smart grids with wind–photovoltaic

Abstract

Abstract The large number of renewable energy sources, such as wind and photovoltaic (PV) access, poses a significant challenge to the operation of the grid. The grid must continually adjust its output to maintain the grid power balance, and replacing the grid power output by adding a battery energy storage system (BESS) is a perfect solution. Based on this, this paper first analyzes the cost components and benefits of adding BESS to the smart grid and then focuses on the cost pressures of BESS; it compares the characteristics of four standard energy storage technologies and analyzes their costs in detail. It is challenging to gain benefits from BESS consisting of lead–acid batteries or vanadium redox flow batteries, while BESS consisting of lithium-ion batteries can gain a meager number of benefits. The best-performing one is BESS, consisting of sodium-ion batteries, which can bring considerable benefits to the system and can finally analyze the feasibility of sodium-ion batteries applied to wind–PV-containing power grids. Lithium-ion batteries are widely used because of their excellent performance, and sodium-ion batteries have a similar version to lithium-ion batteries and are more suitable for grid energy storage due to their lower price and more abundant raw materials.