A novel machine learning-derived radiotranscriptomic signature of perivascular fat improves cardiac risk prediction using coronary CT angiography

Author:

Oikonomou Evangelos K12ORCID,Williams Michelle C34ORCID,Kotanidis Christos P12ORCID,Desai Milind Y5,Marwan Mohamed6,Antonopoulos Alexios S12,Thomas Katharine E12ORCID,Thomas Sheena12ORCID,Akoumianakis Ioannis1ORCID,Fan Lampson M7,Kesavan Sujatha7ORCID,Herdman Laura12,Alashi Alaa5,Centeno Erika Hutt5,Lyasheva Maria12,Griffin Brian P5,Flamm Scott D5,Shirodaria Cheerag78ORCID,Sabharwal Nikant7ORCID,Kelion Andrew7,Dweck Marc R34ORCID,Van Beek Edwin J R4ORCID,Deanfield John9ORCID,Hopewell Jemma C10,Neubauer Stefan11112,Channon Keith M11112ORCID,Achenbach Stephan6,Newby David E34ORCID,Antoniades Charalambos121112ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, UK

2. Oxford Academic Cardiovascular CT Core Laboratory, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, UK

3. British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Cres, Edinburgh, UK

4. Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Cres, Edinburgh, UK

5. Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA

6. Department of Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, Erlangen, Germany

7. Department of Cardiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

8. Caristo Diagnostics Ltd, Whichford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Dr, Oxford, UK

9. National Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention and Outcomes, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 1 St Martins Le Grand, London, UK

10. Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Big Data Institute, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK

11. British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, UK

12. National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, UK

Abstract

Abstract Background Coronary inflammation induces dynamic changes in the balance between water and lipid content in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), as captured by perivascular Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in standard coronary CT angiography (CCTA). However, inflammation is not the only process involved in atherogenesis and we hypothesized that additional radiomic signatures of adverse fibrotic and microvascular PVAT remodelling, may further improve cardiac risk prediction. Methods and results We present a new artificial intelligence-powered method to predict cardiac risk by analysing the radiomic profile of coronary PVAT, developed and validated in patient cohorts acquired in three different studies. In Study 1, adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from 167 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and the expression of genes representing inflammation, fibrosis and vascularity was linked with the radiomic features extracted from tissue CT images. Adipose tissue wavelet-transformed mean attenuation (captured by FAI) was the most sensitive radiomic feature in describing tissue inflammation (TNFA expression), while features of radiomic texture were related to adipose tissue fibrosis (COL1A1 expression) and vascularity (CD31 expression). In Study 2, we analysed 1391 coronary PVAT radiomic features in 101 patients who experienced major adverse cardiac events (MACE) within 5 years of having a CCTA and 101 matched controls, training and validating a machine learning (random forest) algorithm (fat radiomic profile, FRP) to discriminate cases from controls (C-statistic 0.77 [95%CI: 0.62–0.93] in the external validation set). The coronary FRP signature was then tested in 1575 consecutive eligible participants in the SCOT-HEART trial, where it significantly improved MACE prediction beyond traditional risk stratification that included risk factors, coronary calcium score, coronary stenosis, and high-risk plaque features on CCTA (Δ[C-statistic] = 0.126, P < 0.001). In Study 3, FRP was significantly higher in 44 patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction compared with 44 matched controls, but unlike FAI, remained unchanged 6 months after the index event, confirming that FRP detects persistent PVAT changes not captured by FAI. Conclusion The CCTA-based radiomic profiling of coronary artery PVAT detects perivascular structural remodelling associated with coronary artery disease, beyond inflammation. A new artificial intelligence (AI)-powered imaging biomarker (FRP) leads to a striking improvement of cardiac risk prediction over and above the current state-of-the-art.

Funder

British Heart Foundation

National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre

SCOT-HEART

Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government, the British Heart Foundation

Edinburgh and Lothians Health Foundation Trust

Heart Diseases Research Fund

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine

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