Affiliation:
1. Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University , Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP , Brazil
2. Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Av. Prof. Dr. Zeferino Vaz, s/n, Campus da USP, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP , Brazil
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Characterize global genomic features of 86 genomes of Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) and Pullorum (SP), which are important pathogens causing systemic infections in poultry.
Methods and results
All genomes harbored efflux pump encoding gene mdsA and gold tolerance genes golS and golT. Aminoglycoside (aac(6′)-Ib, aadA5, aph(6)-Id, aph(3′')-Ib, ant(2′')-Ia), beta-lactam (blaTEM-1, blaTEM-135), efflux pump (mdsB), fosfomycin (fosA3), sulfonamide (sul1, sul2), tetracycline [tet(A)], trimethoprim (dfrA17), acid (asr), and disinfectant (qacEdelta1) resistance genes, gyrA, gyrB, and parC quinolone resistance point mutations, and mercury tolerance genes (mer) were found in different frequencies. Additionally, 310 virulence genes, pathogenicity islands (including SPI-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 14), plasmids [IncFII(S), ColpVC, IncX1, IncN, IncX2, and IncC], and prophages (Fels-2, ST104, 500465-1, pro483, Gifsy-2, 103 203_sal5, Fels-1, RE-2010, vB_SenS-Ent2, and L-413C) were detected. MLST showed biovar-specific sequence types, and core genome MLST showed country-specific and global-related clusters.
Conclusion
SG and SP global strains carry many virulence factors and important antimicrobial resistance genes. The diverse plasmids and prophages suggest genetic variability. MLST and cgMLST differentiated biovars and showed profiles occurring locally or worldwide.
Funder
São Paulo Research Foundation
FAPESP
Productive fellowship
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)