In situ Reaction-replacement Origin of Hornblendites in the Early Cretaceous Laiyuan Complex, North China Craton, and Implications for its Tectono-magmatic Evolution

Abstract

Abstract Two suites of amphibole-rich mafic–ultramafic rocks associated with the voluminous intermediate to felsic rocks in the Early Cretaceous Laiyuan intrusive–volcanic complex (North China Craton) are studied here by detailed petrography, mineral and melt inclusion chemistry, and thermobarometry to demonstrate an in situ reaction-replacement origin of the hornblendites. Moreover, a large set of compiled and newly obtained geochronological and whole-rock elemental and Sr–Nd isotopic data are used to constrain the tectono-magmatic evolution of the Laiyuan complex. Early mafic–ultramafic rocks occur mainly as amphibole-rich mafic–ultramafic intrusions situated at the edge of the Laiyuan complex. These intrusions comprise complex lithologies of olivine-, pyroxene- and phlogopite-bearing hornblendites and various types of gabbroic rocks, which largely formed by in situ crystallization of hydrous mafic magmas that experienced gravitational settling of early crystallized olivine and clinopyroxene at low pressures of 0·10–0·20 GPa (∼4–8 km crustal depth); the hornblendites formed in cumulate zones by cooling-driven crystallization of 55–75 vol% hornblende, 10–20 vol% orthopyroxene and 3–10 vol% phlogopite at the expense of olivine and clinopyroxene. A later suite of mafic rocks occurs as mafic lamprophyre dikes throughout the Laiyuan complex. These dikes occasionally contain some pure hornblendite xenoliths, which formed by reaction-replacement of clinopyroxene at high pressures of up to 0·97–1·25 GPa (∼37–47 km crustal depth). Mass-balance calculations suggest that the olivine-, pyroxene- and phlogopite-bearing hornblendites in the early mafic–ultramafic intrusions formed almost without melt extraction, whereas the pure hornblendites brought up by lamprophyre dikes required extraction of ≥20–30 wt% residual andesitic to dacitic melts. The latter suggests that fractionation of amphibole in the middle to lower crust through the formation of reaction-replacement hornblendites is a viable way to produce adakite-like magmas. New age constraints suggest that the early mafic–ultramafic intrusions formed during ∼132–138 Ma, which overlaps with the timespan of ∼126–145 Ma recorded by the much more voluminous intermediate to felsic rocks of the Laiyuan complex. By contrast, the late mafic and intermediate lamprophyre dikes were emplaced during ∼110–125 Ma. Therefore, the voluminous early magmatism in the Laiyuan complex was probably triggered by the retreat of the flat-subducting Paleo-Pacific slab, whereas the minor later, mafic to intermediate magmas may have formed in response to further slab sinking-induced mantle thermal perturbations. Whole-rock geochemical data suggest that the early mafic magmas formed by partial melting of subduction-related metasomatized lithospheric mantle, and that the early intermediate to felsic magmas with adakite-like signatures formed from mafic magmas through strong amphibole fractionation without perceptible plagioclase in the lower crust. The late mafic magmas seem to be derived from a slightly different metasomatized lithospheric mantle by lower degrees of partial melting.