The impact of gut microbiota changes on the intestinal mucus barrier in burned mice: a study using 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing

Abstract

Abstract Background The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that plays a critical role in human health and disease. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal damage caused by burns is not well understood. The intestinal mucus layer is crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and providing a physiological barrier against bacterial invasion. This study aims to investigate the impact of gut microbiota on the synthesis and degradation of intestinal mucus after burns and explore potential therapeutic targets for burn injury. Methods A modified histopathological grading system was employed to investigate the effects of burn injury on colon tissue and the intestinal mucus barrier in mice. Subsequently, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing was used to analyze alterations in the gut microbiota at days 1–10 post-burn. Based on this, metagenomic sequencing was conducted on samples collected at days 1, 5 and 10 to investigate changes in mucus-related microbiota and explore potential underlying mechanisms. Results Our findings showed that the mucus barrier was disrupted and that bacterial translocation occurred on day 3 following burn injury in mice. Moreover, the gut microbiota in mice was significantly disrupted from days 1 to 3 following burn injury, but gradually recovered to normal as the disease progressed. Specifically, there was a marked increase in the abundance of symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria associated with mucin degradation on day 1 after burns, but the abundance returned to normal on day 5. Conversely, the abundance of probiotic bacteria associated with mucin synthesis changed in the opposite direction. Further analysis revealed that after a burn injury, bacteria capable of degrading mucus may utilize glycoside hydrolases, flagella and internalins to break down the mucus layer, while bacteria that synthesize mucus may help restore the mucus layer by promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids. Conclusions Burn injury leads to disruption of colonic mucus barrier and dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Some commensal and pathogenic bacteria may participate in mucin degradation via glycoside hydrolases, flagella, internalins, etc. Probiotics may provide short-chain fatty acids (particularly butyrate) as an energy source for stressed intestinal epithelial cells, promote mucin synthesis and accelerate repair of mucus layer.