Hypervigilance to pain and sleep quality are confounding variables in the infrared thermography examination of the temporomandibular joint and temporal and masseter muscles

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Verify whether hypervigilance to pain (HP) and sleep quality (SQ) are confounding variables in the infrared thermography (IT) examination of the temporomandibular joint and temporal and masseter muscles. Methods A cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted, collecting HP and SQ data from 80 participants without temporomandibular disorders (TMD), performing their IT and another 40 participants with TMD. For the selection of participants with and without TMD, the TMD Pain Screener questionnaire and axis I of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were applied. SQ was verified using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. For the HP assessment the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ) was applied. And the IT was performed through a FLIR infrared sensor camera, model T650 Infrared. Results No significant correlations were found between SQ and the temperatures of the areas of interest (P > .05), and regarding HP, a statistically significant positive correlation was found with the dimensionless (ρ = 0.289) and non-dimensionless (ρ = 0.223) asymmetries of temporal muscle temperatures. In the temperature comparisons between the participants without TMD and the participants with TMD, significant differences were found (P < .05), also when the group without TMD was controlled according to both HP and SQ (P < .05), with higher temperatures found in the TMD group. Conclusions HP and SQ can be considered confounding variables in IT examination of the temporomandibular region.