Socioeconomic Disparities and the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance

Abstract

Abstract Background The increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections is a significant global health threat, resulting in increased disease, deaths, and costs. The drivers of AMR are complex and potentially impacted by socioeconomic factors. We investigated the relationships between geographic and socioeconomic factors and AMR. Methods We collected select patient bacterial culture results from 2015 to 2020 from electronic health records of 2 expansive healthcare systems within the Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas, metropolitan area. Among individuals with electronic health records who resided in the 4 most populous counties in Dallas–Fort Worth, culture data were aggregated. Case counts for each organism studied were standardized per 1000 persons per area population. Using residential addresses, the cultures were geocoded and linked to socioeconomic index values. Spatial autocorrelation tests identified geographic clusters of high and low AMR organism prevalence and correlations with established socioeconomic indices. Results We found significant clusters of AMR organisms in areas with high levels of deprivation, as measured by the area deprivation index (ADI). We found a significant spatial autocorrelation between ADI and the prevalence of AMR organisms, particularly for AmpC β-lactamase and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with 14% and 13%, respectively, of the variability in prevalence rates being attributable to their relationship with the ADI values of the neighboring locations. Conclusions We found that areas with a high ADI are more likely to have higher rates of AMR organisms. Interventions that improve socioeconomic factors such as poverty, unemployment, decreased access to healthcare, crowding, and sanitation in these areas of high prevalence may reduce the spread of AMR.