Effect modification by statin use status on the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and cardiovascular mortality

Abstract

Abstract Background Numerous studies have linked fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to increased cardiovascular mortality. Less is known how the PM2.5-cardiovascular mortality association varies by use of cardiovascular medications. This study sought to quantify effect modification by statin use status on the associations between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality from any cardiovascular cause, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. Methods In this nested case-control study, we followed 1.2 million community-dwelling adults aged ≥66 years who lived in Ontario, Canada from 2000 through 2018. Cases were patients who died from the three causes. Each case was individually matched to up to 30 randomly selected controls using incidence density sampling. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between PM2.5 and mortality. We evaluated the presence of effect modification considering both multiplicative (ratio of ORs) and additive scales (the relative excess risk due to interaction, RERI). Results Exposure to PM2.5 increased the risks for cardiovascular, CHD, and stroke mortality. For all three causes of death, compared with statin users, stronger PM2.5-mortality associations were observed among non-users [e.g. for cardiovascular mortality corresponding to each interquartile range increase in PM2.5, OR = 1.042 (95% CI, 1.032–1.053) vs OR = 1.009 (95% CI, 0.996–1.022) in users, ratio of ORs = 1.033 (95% CI, 1.019–1.047), RERI = 0.039 (95% CI, 0.025–0.050)]. Among users, partially adherent users exhibited a higher risk of PM2.5-associated mortality than fully adherent users. Conclusions The associations of chronic exposure to PM2.5 with cardiovascular and CHD mortality were stronger among statin non-users compared to users.