Large X-Linked Palindromes Undergo Arm-to-Arm Gene Conversion across Mus Lineages

Abstract

Abstract Large (>10 kb), nearly identical (>99% nucleotide identity), palindromic sequences are enriched on mammalian sex chromosomes. Primate Y-palindromes undergo high rates of arm-to-arm gene conversion, a proposed mechanism for maintaining their sequence integrity in the absence of X–Y recombination. It is unclear whether X-palindromes, which can freely recombine in females, undergo arm-to-arm gene conversion and, if so, at what rate. We generated high-quality sequence assemblies of Mus molossinus and M. spretus X-palindromic regions and compared them with orthologous M. musculus X-palindromes. Our evolutionary sequence comparisons find evidence of X-palindrome arm-to-arm gene conversion at rates comparable to autosomal allelic gene conversion rates in mice. Mus X-palindromes also carry more derived than ancestral variants between species, suggesting that their sequence is rapidly diverging. We speculate that in addition to maintaining genes’ sequence integrity via sequence homogenization, palindrome arm-to-arm gene conversion may also facilitate rapid sequence divergence.