Conclusion

Abstract

Abstract This chapter concludes the book by revisiting the central puzzle. What explains variation in the relationship between pressure on firms and distributive outcomes? This question is central to understanding how to embed markets in society, especially in contexts where state institutions are weak. The chapter reviews the main arguments of the book. First, it claims that when firms become targets of social pressure, they can engage redistribution and self-regulation that is consequential and varied. The actions of firms go well beyond internalizing externalities and a distributive lens sheds light on the varying outcomes that result. Furthermore, in evaluating the actions of firms in response to social pressure, we need to look beyond whether they concede to pressure and ask how firms influence the organization of interests that contest them. The chapter then considers the role of the state and societal groups, examining what they can do to enable and shape direct contestation. It concludes by noting the difficult pathway to inclusive and sustained local development through direct contestation.