Impact of Tranexamic Acid on Bleeding Outcomes and Complication Rates in Facelift: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Abstract Background Rhytidectomy poses a significant risk of bleeding. Several studies have reported the safety profile and efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic agent, in minimizing perioperative sequelae, particularly hematoma and bleeding. Objectives The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effect of TXA administration in facelift surgery, its effect with different routes of administration, and to compare different administration routes in reducing intraoperative blood loss, postoperative edema, and ecchymosis in rhytidectomy. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies that reported on TXA in facelift surgery. The primary outcomes of interest were intraoperative blood loss, time to achieve hemostasis, operation duration, and postoperative hematoma, edema, ecchymosis, drain output, and major and minor complications. Meta-analyses of hematoma, operation duration, drain output, and major and minor complications were performed, and the risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I for nonrandomized studies, and Cochrane's RoB 2.0, a tool for randomized controlled trials. Results In total, 104 articles were included in the initial screening. Out of 388 participants 170 patients were administered TXA, predominantly female (over 91%), with ages from the late 50s to mid-60s. TXA administration varied, with subcutaneous injection being the most common method. The meta-analysis revealed that the pooled prevalence of minor and major hematoma in TXA recipients was remarkably low, with a significant reduction in the risk of minor hematoma (odds ratio [OR] = 0.18, 95% CI 0.05-0.62, P < .001) and no significant difference in major hematoma risk. Interestingly, TXA significantly reduced postoperative drainage compared to the controls (mean difference = −25.59, 95% CI, −30.4-−20.77, P < .01). Additionally, neither minor nor major complications were significantly different between the TXA recipients and controls. Specifically, the pooled odds for the incidence of major complications were not significantly different (OR = 1.47, 95% CI, 0.23-9.19, P = .68), and similar results were found for minor complications (OR = 0.59, 95% CI, 0.23-1.48, P = .26). Conclusions TXA significantly reduces postoperative drain output and minor hematomas in facelift surgery without increasing major complications. It also reduces edema, ecchymosis, and intraoperative blood loss. However, further studies are required to explore the efficacy of TXA with different dosages and administration routes. Level of Evidence: 3