The effect of stellar contamination on low-resolution transmission spectroscopy: needs identified by NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration Program Study Analysis Group 21

Author:

Rackham Benjamin V12ORCID,Espinoza Néstor3ORCID,Berdyugina Svetlana V45,Korhonen Heidi6ORCID,MacDonald Ryan J7ORCID,Montet Benjamin T8,Morris Brett M9,Oshagh Mahmoudreza10,Shapiro Alexander I11,Unruh Yvonne C12ORCID,Quintana Elisa V13,Zellem Robert T14,Apai Dániel1516,Barclay Thomas1317,Barstow Joanna K18ORCID,Bruno Giovanni19ORCID,Carone Ludmila20,Casewell Sarah L21,Cegla Heather M22,Criscuoli Serena23,Fischer Catherine4,Fournier Damien11,Giampapa Mark S15,Giles Helen24,Iyer Aishwarya25,Kopp Greg26,Kostogryz Nadiia M11,Krivova Natalie11,Mallonn Matthias27,McGruder Chima28,Molaverdikhani Karan293031ORCID,Newton Elisabeth R32,Panja Mayukh11,Peacock Sarah13,Reardon Kevin3334,Roettenbacher Rachael M3536,Scandariato Gaetano19,Solanki Sami11,Stassun Keivan G37ORCID,Steiner Oskar4,Stevenson Kevin B38,Tregloan-Reed Jeremy39ORCID,Valio Adriana40,Wedemeyer Sven4142,Welbanks Luis25,Yu Jie11,Alam Munazza K43,Davenport James R A44,Deming Drake45,Dong Chuanfei4647,Ducrot Elsa48,Fisher Chloe9,Gilbert Emily49,Kostov Veselin1350,López-Morales Mercedes28,Line Mike25,Močnik Teo51,Mullally Susan3,Paudel Rishi R1317,Ribas Ignasi5253,Valenti Jeff A3

Affiliation:

1. Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA

2. Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA

3. Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218 , USA

4. Leibniz-Institut für Sonnenphysik (KIS) , Schöneckstrasse 6, D-79104 Freiburg , Germany

5. Istituto Ricerche Solari Aldo e Cele Daccò (IRSOL), Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana , Locarno 6605 , Switzerland

6. European Southern Observatory (ESO) , Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago , Chile

7. Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 , USA

8. School of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052 , Australia

9. Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern , Switzerland

10. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife , Spain

11. Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung , Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, D-37077 Göttingen , Germany

12. Department of Physics, Imperial College London , Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ , UK

13. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771 , USA

14. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 , USA

15. Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA

16. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona , 1629 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA

17. University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 , USA

18. School of Physical Sciences, The Open University , Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA , UK

19. INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania , Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania , Italy

20. Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences , Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz , Austria

21. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH , UK

22. Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK

23. National Solar Observatory , 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303 , USA

24. Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève , Chemin des Maillettes 51, CH-1290 Versoix , Switzerland

25. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , 525 E. University Dr., Tempe, AZ 85281 , USA

26. Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, CO 80303 , USA

27. Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP) , An der Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam , Germany

28. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA

29. Universitäts-Sternwarte, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Scheinerstrasse 1, D-81679 München , Germany

30. Exzellenzcluster Origins , Boltzmannstraße 2, D-85748 Garching , Germany

31. Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg , Königstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg , Germany

32. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH 03755 , USA

33. National Solar Observatory , Boulder, CO 80303 , USA

34. Department of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80303 , USA

35. Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Yale University , 46 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511 , USA

36. Department of Astronomy, Yale University , 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511 , USA

37. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN 37235 , USA

38. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723 , USA

39. Instituto de Investigación en Astronomia y Ciencias Planetarias, Universidad de Atacama , Copiapó, Atacama 1531772 , Chile

40. Centro de Rádio Astronomia e Astrofisica Mackenzie, Mackenzie Presbyterian University , Rua da Consolacao, 896, Sao Paulo , Brazil

41. Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, University of Oslo , Postboks 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo , Norway

42. Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo , Postboks 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo , Norway

43. Carnegie Earth & Planets Laboratory , 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015 , USA

44. Astronomy Department, University of Washington , Box 951580, Seattle, WA 98195 , USA

45. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742 , USA

46. Department of Astronomy, Boston University , Boston, MA 02215 , USA

47. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544 , USA

48. Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Aout, B-4000 Liège , Belgium

49. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 , USA

50. SETI Institute , 189 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043 , USA

51. Gemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab , 670 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720 , USA

52. Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB , C/Can Magrans s/n, E-08193 Bellaterra , Spain

53. Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , E-08034 Barcelona , Spain

Abstract

Abstract Study Analysis Group 21 (SAG21) of NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration Program Analysis Group was organized to study the effect of stellar contamination on space-based transmission spectroscopy, a method for studying exoplanetary atmospheres by measuring the wavelength-dependent radius of a planet as it transits its star. Transmission spectroscopy relies on a precise understanding of the spectrum of the star being occulted. However, stars are not homogeneous, constant light sources but have temporally evolving photospheres and chromospheres with inhomogeneities like spots, faculae, plages, granules, and flares. This SAG brought together an interdisciplinary team of more than 100 scientists, with observers and theorists from the heliophysics, stellar astrophysics, planetary science, and exoplanetary atmosphere research communities, to study the current research needs that can be addressed in this context to make the most of transit studies from current NASA facilities like Hubble Space Telescope and JWST. The analysis produced 14 findings, which fall into three science themes encompassing (i) how the Sun is used as our best laboratory to calibrate our understanding of stellar heterogeneities (‘The Sun as the Stellar Benchmark’), (ii) how stars other than the Sun extend our knowledge of heterogeneities (‘Surface Heterogeneities of Other Stars’), and (iii) how to incorporate information gathered for the Sun and other stars into transit studies (‘Mapping Stellar Knowledge to Transit Studies’). In this invited review, we largely reproduce the final report of SAG21 as a contribution to the peer-reviewed literature.

Funder

STFC

European Research Council

ASI

INAF

UKRI

NASA

Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions

NSF

Heising-Simons Foundation

Research Council of Norway

DFG

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

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