Extracellular sombrero vesicles are hallmarks of eosinophilic cytolytic degranulation in tissue sites of human diseases

Abstract

Abstract Eosinophil sombrero vesicles are large tubular carriers resident in the cytoplasm of human eosinophils, identifiable by transmission electron microscopy, and important for immune mediator transport. Increased formation of sombrero vesicles occurs in activated eosinophils in vitro and in vivo. In tissue sites of eosinophilic cytolytic inflammation, extracellular eosinophil sombrero vesicles are noted, but their frequency and significance in eosinophil-associated diseases remain unclear. Here, we performed comprehensive quantitative transmission electron microscopy analyses and electron tomography to investigate the numbers, density, integrity, and 3-dimensional structure of eosinophil sombrero vesicles in different biopsy tissues from 5 prototypic eosinophil-associated diseases (eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis/nasal sinuses, ulcerative colitis/intestines, hypereosinophilic syndrome/skin, dermatitis/skin, and schistosomiasis/rectum). The morphology of extracellular eosinophil sombrero vesicles was also compared with that of cytoplasmic eosinophil sombrero vesicles, isolated by subcellular fractionation from peripheral blood eosinophils. We demonstrated that (i) eosinophil cytolysis, releasing intact sombrero vesicles and membrane-bound granules, is a consistent event in all eosinophil-associated diseases; (ii) eosinophil sombrero vesicles persist intact even after complete disintegration of all cell organelles, except granules (late cytolysis); (iii) the eosinophil sombrero vesicle population, composed of elongated, curved, and typical sombreros, and the eosinophil sombrero vesicle 3-dimensional architecture, diameter, and density remain unchanged in the extracellular matrix; (iv) free eosinophil sombrero vesicles closely associate with extracellular granules; and (v) free eosinophil sombrero vesicles also associate with externalized chromatin during eosinophil ETosis. Remarkably, eosinophil sombrero vesicles appeared on the surface of other cells, such as plasma cells. Thus, eosinophil cytolysis/ETosis can secrete intact sombrero vesicles, alongside granules, in inflamed tissues of eosinophil-associated diseases, potentially serving as propagators of eosinophil immune responses after cell death.