Explainable Machine Learning Models for Rapid Risk Stratification in the Emergency Department: A Multicenter Study

Abstract

Abstract Background Risk stratification of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) is important for appropriate triage. Diagnostic laboratory tests are an essential part of the workup and risk stratification of these patients. Using machine learning, the prognostic power and clinical value of these tests can be amplified greatly. In this study, we applied machine learning to develop an accurate and explainable clinical decision support tool model that predicts the likelihood of 31-day mortality in ED patients (the RISKINDEX). This tool was developed and evaluated in four Dutch hospitals. Methods Machine learning models included patient characteristics and available laboratory data collected within the first 2 h after ED presentation, and were trained using 5 years of data from consecutive ED patients from the Maastricht University Medical Center (Maastricht), Meander Medical Center (Amersfoort), and Zuyderland Medical Center (Sittard and Heerlen). A sixth year of data was used to evaluate the models using area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUROC) and calibration curves. The Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) algorithm was used to obtain explainable machine learning models. Results The present study included 266 327 patients with 7.1 million laboratory results available. Models show high diagnostic performance with AUROCs of 0.94, 0.98, 0.88, and 0.90 for Maastricht, Amersfoort, Sittard and Heerlen, respectively. The SHAP algorithm was utilized to visualize patient characteristics and laboratory data patterns that underlie individual RISKINDEX predictions. Conclusions Our clinical decision support tool has excellent diagnostic performance in predicting 31-day mortality in ED patients. Follow-up studies will assess whether implementation of these algorithms can improve clinically relevant end points.