Effects of copper and zinc on ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction: a Mendelian randomization study

Abstract

ABSTRACTBackgroundDespite great progress in prevention and control, ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Diet plays a key role in IHD, but a comprehensive delineation of the role of dietary factors in IHD is not yet quite complete.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to test the long-standing hypothesis that copper is protective and zinc harmful in IHD.DesignWe used separate-sample instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments (Mendelian randomization). We obtained single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a genome wide association study, strongly (P value < 5 × 10−8) and independently associated with erythrocyte copper and zinc. We applied these genetic predictors of copper and zinc to the largest, most extensively genotyped IHD case (n ≤ 76014)-control (n ≤ 264785) study, based largely on CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes and the UK Biobank SOFT CAD, to obtain SNP-specific Wald estimates for the effects of copper and zinc on IHD, which were combined through the use of inverse variance weighting. Sensitivity analysis included use of the MR-Egger method, and reanalysis including SNPs independently associated with erythrocyte copper and zinc at P value < 5 × 10−6.ResultsGenetically instrumented copper was negatively associated with IHD (OR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.98). Genetically instrumented zinc was positively associated with IHD (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.11). Sensitivity analysis via MR-Egger gave no indication of unknown pleiotropy; less strongly associated SNPs gave similar results for copper.ConclusionGenetic validation of a long-standing hypothesis suggests that further investigation of the effects, particularly of copper, on IHD may provide a practical means of reducing the leading cause of mortality and morbidity.