Whey Protein Intervention and Inflammatory Factors and Oxidative Stress: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

Abstract Context Whey protein (WP), a high-biological-value protein contained in milk, may have anti-inflammatory properties and can reduce proinflammatory cytokines; however, the current evidence is inconclusive. Objective The aim of this study was to further investigate the effects of whey protein supplementation on inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in adults. Data Sources We conducted a comprehensive search up to March 2022 using relevant key words in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, focusing on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Data Extraction RCTs that examined the impact of WP on C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity were selected independently by 2 authors. Results were pooled using a random-effects model as weighted mean differences and 95% CIs. Data Analysis The results of the present study demonstrated that WP supplementation had no significant effect on the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress compared with the control. None of the predefined subgroup analyses explained the differences in the effects of WP supplementation on inflammatory factors and oxidative stress. Conclusion This research suggests that WP supplementation had no significant effect on inflammatory factors and oxidative stress. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022325855.