Zika among international travellers presenting to GeoSentinel sites, 2012–2019: implications for clinical practice

Author:

Angelo Kristina M1,Stoney Rhett J1ORCID,Brun-Cottan Gaelle2,Leder Karin3,Grobusch Martin P4,Hochberg Natasha5,Kuhn Susan6,Bottieau Emmanuel7,Schlagenhauf Patricia8,Chen Lin9,Hynes Noreen A10,Perez Cecilia Perret11,Mockenhaupt Frank P12,Molina Israel13,Crespillo-Andújar Clara14,Malvy Denis15,Caumes Eric16,Plourde Pierre17,Shaw Marc1819,McCarthy Anne E20,Piper-Jenks Nancy21,Connor Bradley A22,Hamer Davidson H2324,Wilder-Smith Annelies2526

Affiliation:

1. Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA

2. Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA

3. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Victorian Infectious Disease Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Monash University, 300 Grattan St, Parkville 3050, Australia

4. Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands

5. Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA

6. Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Health Services, 10101 Southport Rd SW, Calgary AB T2W 3N2, Canada

7. Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 43, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium

8. WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers’ Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland

9. Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge and Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA

10. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA

11. School of Medicine, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan, Chile

12. Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Augustenburger Pl. 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany

13. Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, PROSICS, Campus de la UAB, Plaça Cívica, 08193, Barcelona, Spain

14. National Referral Unit for Tropical and Travel Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain

15. Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Centre of Bordeaux, and Inserm 1219, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France

16. Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France

17. University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada

18. James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, Townsville 4811, Australia

19. Worldwise Travellers’ Health Centres, 18 Saint Marks Road, Remuera, Auckland 1050, New Zealand

20. Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Ave E, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada

21. HRH Care, 1037 Main St, Peekskill, NY 10566, USA

22. The New York Center for Travel and Tropical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA

23. Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA

24. Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, One Boston Medical Center Pl, Boston, MA 02118, USA

25. Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Umea, Petrus Laestadius Väg, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden

26. Department for Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK

Abstract

Abstract Introduction International travellers contribute to the rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its sentinel identification globally. We describe ZIKV infections among international travellers seen at GeoSentinel sites with a focus on ZIKV acquired in the Americas and the Caribbean, describe countries of exposure and traveller characteristics, and assess ZIKV diagnostic testing by site. Methods Records with an international travel-related diagnosis of confirmed or probable ZIKV from January 2012 through December 2019 reported to GeoSentinel with a recorded illness onset date were included to show reported cases over time. Records from March 2016 through December 2019 with an exposure region of the Americas or the Caribbean were included in the descriptive analysis. A survey was conducted to assess the availability, accessibility and utilization of ZIKV diagnostic tests at GeoSentinel sites. Results GeoSentinel sites reported 525 ZIKV cases from 2012 through 2019. Between 2012 and 2014, eight cases were reported, and all were acquired in Asia or Oceania. After 2014, most cases were acquired in the Americas or the Caribbean, a large decline in ZIKV cases occurred in 2018–19. Between March 2016 and December 2019, 423 patients acquired ZIKV in the Americas or the Caribbean, peak reporting to these regions occurred in 2016 [330 cases (78%)]. The median age was 36 years (range: 3–92); 63% were female. The most frequent region of exposure was the Caribbean (60%). Thirteen travellers were pregnant during or after travel; one had a sexually acquired ZIKV infection. There was one case of fetal anomaly and two travellers with Guillain-Barré syndrome. GeoSentinel sites reported various challenges to diagnose ZIKV effectively. Conclusion ZIKV should remain a consideration for travellers returning from areas with risk of ZIKV transmission. Travellers should discuss their travel plans with their healthcare providers to ensure ZIKV prevention measures are taken.

Funder

International Society of Travel Medicine

Cooperative Agreement

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

General Medicine

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