Effectiveness of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers in patients with Alport syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Although renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers have been considered the primary treatment for patients with Alport syndrome (AS) for a decade, there is no comprehensive review with evidence-based analysis evaluating the effectiveness of RAAS blockers in AS. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of published studies that compared outcomes related to disease progression between patients with AS receiving RAAS blockers with those taking non-RAAS treatment. Outcomes were meta-analyzed using the random effects models. Cochrane risk-of-bias, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology (GRADE) assessment determined the certainty of evidence. Results A total of eight studies (1182 patients) were included in the analysis. Overall, the risk of bias was low to moderate. Compared with non-RAAS treatment, RAAS blockers could reduce the rate of progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) [four studies; hazard ratio (HR) 0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24–0.45; moderate certainty evidence]. After stratified by genetic types, a similar benefit was detected: male X-linked AS (XLAS) (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.22–0.48), autosomal recessive AS (HR 0.25, 95% CI 0.10–0.62), female XLAS and autosomal dominant AS (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21–0.75). In addition, RAAS blockers showed a clear gradient of benefit depending on the stage of disease at the initiation of treatment. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggested that RAAS blockers could be considered as a specific therapy to delay of ESKD for AS with any genetic type, especially at the early stage of the disease, and every further more-effective therapy would be advised to be applied on top of this standard of care.