Dietary and Supplemental Vitamin C Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer: Results from the Nurses’ Health Studies

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Some previous studies suggested that high supplemental vitamin C intake may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, although evidence is inconsistent. Objectives Our objective was to study the association between vitamin C intake and breast cancer risks using regularly updated assessments of intake over a long follow-up. Methods We prospectively followed 88,041 women aged 33 to 60 years from the Nurses’ Health Study (1980–2014) and 93,372 women aged 26 to 45 years from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2013). A total of 11,258 incident invasive breast cancers among 181,413 women were diagnosed. Data on vitamin C intake were collected every 2–4 years via a validated FFQ and specific questions on dietary supplement use. Multivariate HRs and 95% CIs for incident invasive breast cancer were estimated with Cox models. Results During follow-up, 82% of participants ever used supplements containing vitamin C, including multivitamins. Cumulative total vitamin C intake (HR for quintiles 5 compared with 1 = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.91–1.03; Ptrend = 0.81), dietary vitamin C intake (HR for quintiles 5 compared with 1 = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.92–1.04; Ptrend = 0.57), and supplemental vitamin C intake (HR for quintiles 5 compared with 1 in users = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.94–1.09; Ptrend = 0.77) were not associated with breast cancer risks. Results were unchanged when different exposure latencies were considered. The results did not differ by menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone therapy use, or BMI. No differences were observed by estrogen receptor status of the tumor. Conclusions Our results do not support any important association between total, dietary, or supplemental vitamin C intake and breast cancer risks.