1. Department of Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
2. Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
3. Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
4. Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine (T-CAIREM), University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
5. Department of Surgery, King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
6. School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences , Dublin , Ireland
7. Data Science & Advanced Analytics, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
8. Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
9. Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
10. Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
11. ICES, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
12. Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
13. Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
14. Division of General Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
15. Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
16. Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia